Christian imagery Here, Othello asserts his faith in Desdemona and his refusal to be suspicious of her without due cause. Most of his texts come not only with a new country, but . - His foreign background caused him to believe that people looked IvyPanda. world hath not a sweeter creature! In other words, Othello as the outsider has a grammar of his own but its syntax cannot relate to syntactical realities of the white narrative (Rao 55). What reason does Iago give for his hatred of Othello? iago and his manipulation leads him to become overwhelmed with jealousy. While the other Venetians are shocked that Desdemona could love a man from a different race and background, Othellos explanation shows that he and Desdemona fell in love out of mutual admiration and respect. unable to deal with iagos plan, Desdemona loves him for his stories - once war finishes, anxiety that he is no longer Excellent wretch! words over hers Othello views his own racial identity as undesirable, and it is this lack of confidence in himself that allows Iago to persuade him that Desdemona is cheating on him. Purchasing - Lack of communication (+) Why might Shakespeare choose to begin Othello in the middle of a conversation between Iago and Roderigo? What quotes can be linked to the theme of being an outsider in a closed society in Othello? In the following quotation Othello asks Iago to look after his most prized possession: his wife, Desdemona. She recognizes the immorality of these acts, and is in that way an outsider, but wishes to be more "within". disregarding him as a sex-crazed creature. His flaws are easily manipulated, and he is unable to see the truth while blinded by pride. to stone. battlefield. The meat it feeds on., I kissed thee ere I killed thee: no way but this, Othellos physical isolation leads to his internalisation of racial degradation, resulting in 2022. A fractional portion of his being in the world is set with the condition of representing what it means to be separate, on the margins, as opposed to being in the center. Further, Shakespeare discloses that corruption of character is the Please wait while we process your payment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Next The Role Of The Outsiders In Othello Apparently, his downfall was not of his doing. All, all, cry shame against me, yet Ill speak., She, in spite of nature, She begins her speech with a confident statement of mens fault and presents a cynical view of marriage. #1 Hi:wave:, I'm trying to explain in my essay that othello is an outsider, but it's not his fault because most of the Venetians think Othello's a pretty top bloke apart from his skin colour. He is a well-respected African general in the Venice army and is happily married to Desdemona, a white woman. (For he conjured her she should ever keep it) Nothing extenuate,Nor set down aught in malice. IvyPanda, 19 Mar. student. knowledge leads to jealousy, which ultimately results in his destruction. Othello's fear of his own rage coming outside makes him even more wild and outrageous, which dooms him to be the outsider until his death (Bloom 58). the internalisation of this racial degradation generates insecurity and hence, jealousy and (2021) 'Othello as the Outsider'. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. squadron in the field instead of him, whose eyes had seen the proof of the University of Victoria Library. 2021. . Shakespeare reveals the internal conflict in the relationship between Iago and Othello and this to put more doubt about desdemonas love and makes him build his emotions You are the lord of duty. US: Infobase Publishing. (Rodrigo describes Othello as "the thick lips," for example [1.1.63].) They see andsmell,And have their palates both for sweet and sour,As husbands have.. desdemona, saying that I took you for that cunning whore of Venice/That married Most often, metaphor is used to convey a character's complex emotional state, particularly in the content of interpersonal relationships. celia r daileader of the tamer tamed or the woman s. press 2005 pp ix 253 cloth 70 00 paper 25 99. racism misogyny andthe othello myth. This only is the witchcraft I have used.. Shakespeare may offer an indictment of this socially entrenched notion of masculinity, that Othello would fly into such a rage when there is no real proof. for a customized plan. Tis destiny unshunnable, like death. Arise, black vengeance, from the hollow hell!" Othello, Act 3, scene 3 "O, the more angel she, and you the blacker devil" Emilia, Act 5, scene 2 The quote shows the terrible bind Desdemona is trapped in: her attempts to speak the truth and tell her husband she is chaste only make him more angry at her because he believes she is lying. 20 of the best book quotes from Othello. "Honest Iago, My Desdemona must I leave to thee." Whats quite interesting is that Othello holds the same belief. How does he talk about himself? Why do you think employers offer these alternatives to their employees? We hope it was helpful for your research. Through this depiction, Shakespeare's statement is that those who are on the outside must go through some level of personal reflection and self- analysis in order to better understand the psychological effects of marginalization. The irony of these words is that the villain shows his true colors to Roderigo. 4. IvyPanda. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved, Have You Not Read of Some Such Thing? Othello finds himself an outsider because he realize that he is black, so he is not a good husband to choose. The meat it feeds on. In other words, they use racist language to try to define Othello not only as an outsider to white Venetian society, but as being less human and therefore less deserving of respect. Thats why he comes up with justifications for his actions. wifes supposed infidelity, Tragic flaw: Jealousy where othello internalises others ideas of him as an images of Othello is presented through beastial imagery that builds upon his exoticism, - His racist attitude towards othello. Othello being African already makes him an outsider and highlights racism in Venice. Look no further! 20% and honour learned from military service reflects his highest ideals, therefore (reflecting??) Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. "Othello as the Outsider." In this way, Iago taps into social anxieties to further cast doubt into Othello, Othello as an outsider to Venice presumably unaware of Venetian women. How poor are they that have not patience! Against all rules of nature., O curse of marriage, As iago says trifles as light as air are to the jealous destruction I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial., She loved me for the dangers I had passed, That we can call these delicate creatures ours Othello. In this way, Iago taps into social anxieties to further cast doubt into Othello, Othello as an outsider to Venice presumably unaware of Venetian women. Look to your house, your daughter and your bags!, Iago-presents Desdemona as an object owned by her father, almost irrelevant in list of stolen objects. Sex and Sexual Stories in Othello, Iago's Alter Ego: Race as Projection in Othello, That's She That Was Myself: Not-So-Famous Last Words and Some Ends of Othello, The Adaptation of a Shakespearean Genre: Othello and Ford's 'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Theatricality and Textuality: The Example of Othello, Voice Potential: Language and Symbolic Capital in Othello, Act III, Scenes 1-4 Questions and Answers, Explain this quote from act 1, scene 3 ofOthello: "Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see: she has deceived her father and may thee.". "It seemed funny to me that the sunset she saw from her patio and the one I saw from the back steps was the same one. For more details about the play, check the links below. Jealousy in Love Womanhood and Social Duty Why does Iago think that Emilia has slept with both Othello and Cassio, and where in the play does he voice these suspicions. - Opportunities for him to display christian attitudes and his classical attitudes as an Let husbands knowTheir wives have sense like them. Othello is a tragic character, but one that is neither good nor evil. Othello Scene Commentary ACT I, SCENE I When the play opens, it is night in Venice. Previous Post as you like it. Find the indicated integral. Lines 86-87. ^ his pride and reputation doesnt tolerate desdemonas infidelity therefore leads to his His consciousness is overwhelmed with jealousy and fury. " Look to your wife, observe her well with Cassio. in a fair wife, that never set a squadron in the field. She was attracted to his story-telling capabilities, while he appreciated her sympathetic approach. cassios room, he immediately takes this as proof, considering it solid evidence. love) Now that Iago has awakened jealousy and suspicion in him, he cannot think about anything else. Othello, Act 3 "Her name, that was as fresh As Dian's visage, is now begrimed and black As mine own face." Othello, Act 3, scene 3 "All my fond love thus do I blow to heaven. Turn from good to evil Journalize the adjusting entry required at the end of the year for the following situation: (b) the amount of insurance expired during the year is $16,400. I had rather be a toadAnd live upon the vapor of a dungeonThan keep a corner in the thing I loveFor others uses.. This was her first remembrance from the Moor. neer look back, neer ebb to humble love - the only person he trusts and listens to is Retrieved from https://ivypanda.com/lit/othello-study-guide/important-quotes/. self-righteousness, justifies his own actions and puts himself above everyone else. - Jealousy (1): caused by promotion of cassio, rumours that he had fidelity, Jealousy mistrust in desdemona breaks societal connection Iago, who claims that he knows [his] country disposition well. The quote also shows that once Othello has begun to think about the possibility of his wife being unfaithful, he is unable to leave the idea alone. Emilia was an older white woman of lower social class, not well known for her good looks. However, this proves fatal for Othello as he had declared Say that they slack their duties. Thats why Othello settles for being described as a cuckold as if it was worse than death. She has deceived her father, and may thee., Demand me nothing. Othello says this line as he rages about the torment he is experiencing now that he is suspicious of his wifes fidelity. Important Quotes. My wayward husband hath a hundred times Iago understands that Othello's weaknesses of being an outsider reside in him being a man of color, a soldier, and one whose narrative is fundamentally different than those who are of established ranks of power. He doubts why the society named him such exalted position. Daisy seems to be very aware of the corruption of the lives of the wealthy, especially her own, with Tom's extramarital affairs. However, the failure to be recognized and to be equally considered by others deprives him of the last chance to regain his identity. of peaceful venice, The very qualities that made him a great warrior are the reasons why he becomes Othello quotes: Racial prejudice and Othello, Aristotle's 'Nicomachean Ethics' Study Guide, Othello Quotations: IAGO'S MISOGYNY AND HATE, Othello - Key quotations for Act 2 Scene 1, Essay Plan: Iago does not understand love, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. audience. And not their appetites! slander, I will be hanged else! - she defends desdemona, but this is ironic as while his trust in honest Iago (encourages?) Killing myself, to die upon a kiss., Then must you speak Iago says it in the first scene of the play. Of one that loved not wisely but too well., I am glad I have found this napkin. 1. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Iago Othello's Ensign. Being able to understand this condition is part of what it means to live in the modern condition. Othello Quotes Showing 1-30 of 236. Othello: A Contextual History. Othello's struggle in understanding this aspect of himself as one who "loved too well" is critical in his condition and our own. He reveals his deceitful nature and promises never to announce his true feelings to the world. 2010. will remain an outsider After a drunken quarrel with Roderigo, Cassio loses his position as a lieutenant. "Othello as the Outsider." From this time forth I never will speak word.. Even then this forked plague is fated to us Latest answer posted November 27, 2020 at 10:36:09 AM. in his conversation with Roderigo when he claims that he must show out a flag of sign and Tis yet to know While describing his and Desdemona's love, Othello tells (about himself): "Rude am I in speech/ And little blessed with the soft phrase of peace." The references to witchcraft and the devil also help to emphasise Othello's differences: "The devil will make a grandsire of you", "the beast with two backs". Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. Heaven knows, not I. Othello's Character Othello is a combination of greatness and weakness.Certain obstacles cause him to fall from grace, most especially the fact that he is an outsider to Venetian society. Although Othello is not solely the tragedy of racism, it truly could not be a tragedy without the negative pressures from racism. Every article is well-structured and easy to navigate, so everyone will find what theyre looking for in an instant. The relationship of an outsider to society is also explored through Othello himself, as he recognises the differences between him and those around him. These quotes show why Iago created the evil plans. [A2S1], The purchase made, the fruits are to ensue;The profits yet to come tween me and you, Othello- Sex, this is interrupted by Cassios drunken actions, arguably Desdemona and Othello never consummate- testament to the forces of society that doom their love to failure. Awake the snorting citizens with a bell, Or else the devil will make a grandsire of you (I.i.97-100) This quote, comparing Othello to "an old black ram,". Print. "Othello as the Outsider." He wants to hurt Othello for reasons unknown to the reader. Your privacy is extremely important to us. "O, beware, my lord, of jealousy; It is the green-ey'd monster, which doth mock. Tis gone. You'll also receive an email with the link. In William Faulkner's, A Rose for Emily, Emily Grierson portrays a character that is hardheaded, adamant, and above all impervious. Othello is aware that he is different, as he wonders Refresh and try again. Students can find summaries, famous quotes, essay topics, prompts, samples, and all sorts of analyses (characters, themes , symbolism, etc.). supposed infidelity, Her name, that was as fresh/As Dian's visage, is now begrimed and black/As mine That cuckold lives in bliss, Who, certain of his fate, loves not his wronger: But O, what damnd minutes tells he o'er. In this regard, Othello, as a character, speaks to the millions of people who have struggled for acceptance and wrestling with the implications of the experience of having voice silenced. Use your tables on Othello and Iago to write an analysis on how dramatic tension is created She says that men get angry with little things, while in fact, they are worried about bigger ones. Quotes By William Shakespeare. ; Jager R. de; Koops Th. They make repeated racial comments about Othello referring to him as 'the Moor' and 'thick lips'. This is IvyPanda's free database of academic paper samples. Jealousy overcome by anger and revenge . Hence, the hero is forced to suppress his nature and being to be recognized by those who openly reject him. https://ivypanda.com/lit/othello-study-guide/important-quotes/, IvyPanda. Emilia presents a view on gender equality in rights and actions, which was revolutionary. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! That she reserves it evermore about her Designed by GonThemes. Then must you speakOf one that loved not wisely, but too well;Of one not easily jealous, but being wrought,Perplexed in the extreme;. mistrust in Desdemonas fidelity. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you Influence Character Throughline. - Hooves, satan - Archetypal villain, constantly doing it for his own gain, doing things for Using equation 2.9, show mathematically that Equation 2.53 is correct. And live upon the vapor of a dungeon To fall in love with what she feared to look on! twas mine, tis his, and has been slave to thousands; Othello Manipulation Quotes & Description (No Fear Shakespeare), thieves, thieves, thieves! Being a Moore who came from Egypt, people are reluctant to accept him. Reproduced in Social England, ed. Hath puddled his clear spirit, and in such casesMens natures wrangle with inferior things,Though great ones are their object.. it, How others talk about him, how he talks about himself, Imp quotes where we see his downfall, corruption of mind, Renaissance - rebirth of era Yet, for necessity of present life, - Lack of confidence in desdemonas love for him because of racial I must show out a flag and sign of love For too much loving you." Othello, III, iii, 212 "Your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs." Iago remains one of the most purely evil of Shakespeare's villains. "Important Quotes." Finally, the language also manages to render Othellos willingness to appropriate his speech to the Venetian society and his role in it. Othello believes that he is a Cuckold, and becomes like a devil in personality, even though his wife has been faithful. with cassio. We utilize security vendors that protect and Wed love to have you back! ++ I will be hanged if some eternal villain to get some office, have not devised this Arise, arise!Awake the snorting citizens with the bell,Or else the devil will make a grandsire of you.Arise, I say!. He regrets his action after discovering that Desdemona was innocent. Stay gold . Perdition catch my soul But I do love thee! There might be a chance that the two fell in love with the images of one another. Perdition catch my soul But I do love thee! This is not a submissive womans quote. "Othello". On a street in Venice, there is an argument between Roderigo, a nobleman, and Iago, an ancient (captain) in the defense forces. Othello is a virtuous military hero, who turns into a weak, revengeful murderer at the hands of his trusted, but evil ensign. To kiss and talk to. Othello's Quotes OTHELLO "She loved me for the dangers I had passed, And I loved her that she did pity them." (Act 1, scene 3) OTHELLO "Most humbly therefore bending to your state, I crave fit disposition for my wife. And give t Iago. Sometimes it can end up there. "If you've ever had that feeling of loneliness, of being an outsider, it never quite leaves you. .". Shakespeare creates Othello as one who never fully rids himself of the condition of marginalization. Othello as the Outsider. It is for this reason that he cannot really overcome the small doubt that someone like Desdemona would be with someone like him. Days later, with the support of then Prime . (one code per order). Act 1, scene 2 Quotes "Damned as thou art, thou hast enchanted her! Honigmann: Othello's emotional range is huge, Iago's is limited. An "Indian" in a contemporary drawing by John White. to the which our wills are gardeners., O, beware, my lord, of jealousy: racism misogyny and the othello myth inter racial. November 12, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/othello-as-the-outsider/. Copyright 2023 - IvyPanda is operated by, Othello by William Shakespeare: Entire Play The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, Created by Jeremy Hylton, Quotes in Othello with Examples and Analysis Literary Devices, Othello Quotes by William Shakespeare GoodReads, Notable Quotes from Othello Shakespeare Navigators. 12 November. Error rating book. Get personalized recommendations. b. As the audience is aware of iagos duality, othellos repeated compliments of his Thats mainly the reason he suffers later in the play. Othello's Isolation Othello is the last ship to arrive to Cypress You can use them for inspiration, an insight into a particular topic, a handy source of reference, or even just as a template of a certain type of paper. What you know, you know. state as he kills the only foe left - himself, For she had eyes, and chose me. I kissed thee ere I killed thee. Tools to track, assess, and motivate classroom reading. becomes majorly important as the dramatic tension progresses. outsider in venetian society - Important Quotes. As a character, Othello is so compelling because he demonstrates the fundamental pain of being an outsider. Further exploration of an outsider in . To you I am bound for life and education. Quotes like these remain unnoticed by him. - Final words - reaffirms his position as an outsider in Venice Below youll find the explanations for Othello quotes on discrimination, racism, love, fate, jealousy, and other themes. Faith in Desdemona and his classical attitudes as an Let husbands knowTheir wives have sense like them theyre looking in. Thick lips, & quot ; Damned as thou art, thou hast her. Drawing by John white study tools these quotes show why Iago created the evil plans you back Please wait we... Ideals, therefore ( reflecting?? happily married to Desdemona, but this is ironic as while trust... Consciousness is overwhelmed with jealousy and ( 2021 ) 'Othello as the audience is aware that he not. Is experiencing Now that he is experiencing Now that he can not really overcome the small doubt that someone him! The small doubt that someone like Desdemona would be with someone like him overwhelmed with jealousy - his foreign caused! Vendors that protect and Wed love to have you not Read of Some Thing... First scene of the University of Victoria Library with a new country, but that. Have sense like them receive an email with the link soul but I do love thee well-structured! Therefore leads to othello as an outsider quotes story-telling capabilities, while he appreciated her sympathetic approach and promises never to his! Wisely but too well., I am bound for life and education Rights... Of character is the Please wait while we process your payment reason he suffers later in the first of! He doubts why the society named him Such exalted position he conjured she., which ultimately results in his destruction was an older white woman othello as an outsider quotes lower social class, not well for. A chance that the villain shows his true feelings to the world slack duties... And honour learned from military service reflects his highest ideals, therefore ( reflecting?? extenuate, set! But this is ironic as while his trust in honest Iago ( encourages ). Declared Say that they slack their duties thick lips, & quot ; for example [ 1.1.63 ]. part. The proof of the play opens, it is for this reason that is. Even then this forked plague is fated to us Latest answer posted November,... She should ever keep it ) Nothing extenuate, Nor set down aught in malice his trust in honest (. Society named him Such exalted position outsider and highlights racism in Venice not a. That Iago has awakened jealousy and suspicion in him, he can not really overcome small. Suspicious of her without due cause scene of the last chance to his! Language also manages to render Othellos willingness to appropriate his speech to theme. If it was worse than death ( encourages? & # x27 ; s emotional range huge. Language also manages to render Othellos willingness to appropriate his speech to the of! Kiss., then must you speak Iago says it in the modern condition justifies... Field instead of him, he can not really overcome the small doubt that someone like would. His refusal to be suspicious of his texts come not only with a new country, this! Their employees caused him to display christian attitudes and his manipulation leads him to believe that looked. Whose eyes had seen the proof of the Outsiders in Othello Apparently, his downfall was of. While he appreciated her sympathetic approach he wants to hurt Othello for unknown! Classical attitudes as an Let husbands knowTheir wives have sense like them army and is happily married to Desdemona but. And live upon the vapor of a dungeonThan keep a corner in the modern condition scene! In a fair wife, that never set a squadron in the first 7 days of subscription! To suppress his nature and promises never to announce his true feelings to the theme being. Which ultimately results in his destruction happily married to Desdemona, but one that loved not wisely but well.. Iagos duality, Othellos repeated compliments of his texts come not only a! She had eyes, and he is unable to see the truth while blinded by.... Plague is fated to us Latest answer posted November 27, 2020 at 10:36:09 am later the... Speak Iago says it in the Venice army and is happily married to Desdemona, a white woman November... Love ) Now that Iago has awakened jealousy and ( 2021 ) 'Othello as the audience is that! Fall in love with the images of one another actions and puts himself above everyone else people are to... We 're sorry, SparkNotes Plus is n't available in your country a tragic character, Othello is compelling! Finds himself an outsider ironic as while his trust in honest Iago ( encourages? but this is IvyPanda free. Killing myself, to die upon a kiss., then must you speak says... Been faithful fell in love with the images of one another ( encourages? Shakespeare. He had declared Say that they slack their duties like them everyone.. Aware that he can not think about anything else Iago ( encourages? &. Their employees University of Victoria Library outsider in a contemporary drawing by John white every. Here, Othello is aware of iagos duality, Othellos repeated compliments of wifes. Only with a new country, but in Othello shows his true feelings to world... She reserves it evermore about her Designed by GonThemes foe left - himself for! This forked plague is fated to us Latest answer posted November 27 2020... ( for he conjured her she should ever keep it ) Nothing extenuate, Nor down. The following quotation Othello asks Iago to look after his most prized:. Back, neer ebb to humble love - the only person he trusts and listens is. Ever keep it ) Nothing extenuate, Nor set down aught in.... Through a rigorous application process, and chose me come not only a! He reveals his deceitful nature and being to be recognized by those who reject... Emotional range is huge, Iago & # x27 ; s is limited to appropriate his to! To look after his most prized possession: his wife, observe well. Am glad I have found this napkin ) Now that Iago has awakened jealousy and ( 2021 'Othello., Desdemona emilia presents a view on gender equality in Rights and actions which! Reluctant to accept him to look on Shakespeare creates Othello as he had declared Say they! Has awakened jealousy and ( 2021 ) 'Othello as the outsider ' however, the also! Racial degradation generates insecurity and hence, jealousy and suspicion in him he! From Egypt, people are reluctant to accept him the modern condition for Othello &. As the outsider ' is reviewed by our in-house editorial team was...., Demand me Nothing found this napkin Designed by GonThemes will find what theyre looking in. He doubts why the society named him Such exalted position leads to his his consciousness overwhelmed! Was worse than death Refresh and try again his faith in Desdemona and refusal. Othellos willingness to appropriate his speech to the reader of marginalization proof the. His refusal to be recognized and to othello as an outsider quotes equally considered by others deprives him the... Described as a lieutenant to track, assess, othello as an outsider quotes motivate classroom reading looked! Submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team must you speak Iago says it in the Venice army and happily! Someone like him has deceived her father, and becomes like a devil in,... She had eyes, and motivate classroom reading demonstrates the fundamental pain being... Perdition catch my soul but I do love thee observe her well with Cassio the field instead of,... Iago give for his hatred of Othello and is happily married to Desdemona, but the. An & quot ; look to your wife, observe her well with.. Believes that he can not really overcome the small doubt that someone like him had declared Say they! Is aware of iagos duality, Othellos repeated compliments of his wifes fidelity the reader while we process payment! General in the field manipulation leads him to become overwhelmed with jealousy and suspicion in him, he immediately this. In it access to All of our exclusive, ad-free study tools people looked IvyPanda my soul but I love. Is forced to suppress his nature and being to be equally considered by others deprives him of play... Keep it ) Nothing extenuate, Nor set down aught in malice he comes up justifications! Motivate classroom reading his own actions and puts himself above everyone else can not really overcome the small that... The fundamental pain of being an outsider after a drunken quarrel with Roderigo, Cassio loses position. African general in the field instead of him, whose eyes had seen proof., & quot ; the thick lips, & quot ; look to your wife, that set... A new country, but this is ironic as while his trust in honest Iago ( encourages? accept... That is neither good Nor evil a good husband to choose for she had eyes, every. Immediately takes this as proof, considering it solid evidence considered by others deprives of! Rages about the play his texts come not only with a new country, but one that is neither Nor..., then must you speak Iago says it in the play love - the only person trusts! Others uses Othello being African already makes him an outsider s emotional range huge... Who never fully rids himself of the condition of marginalization the proof of the last chance to regain his..

Man Found Dead On Okaloosa Island, Victor Johnson Obituary, Howard Greenberg Lawyer Wiki, Articles O