Founded in 1918, the Press publishes more than 40 journals representing 18 societies, along with more than 100 new books annually. In blackface, in portraying a black person, you had even more freedom because blacks were assumed to be even more naive and more foolish than the frontiersman. WebE. He embraced both genteel traditions and less highly regarded but popular traditions such as minstrelsy. It evolved from two types of entertainment popular in America before 1830: the impersonation of blacks given by white actors between acts of plays or during circuses; and the performances of black musicians who sang, with banjo accompaniment, in city streets. It came from the images portrayed in minstrelsy. The Virginia Minstrels were an overnight sensation and hundreds of copycat acts sprung up over the proceeding years. And that needs always to be forefront in any consideration of this. 8rdWT'eL~.u"A=9]>313X3-$e}u,gmg664$EzL*LZ_j_]Xy[?Xs N/]|msk_WfA2)oz-di2|mj|5ej8eE7[Q|IM%xf)|6\ k`. Recent article topics have included: Duke Ellington and early radio; John Cages HPSCHD; the WPA music copying project; defining the Easy Listening era; Milton Babbitt in academia; the soul roots of Bruce Springsteen; the benefit concerts of Jack Benny and Danny Kaye; and the boyhood of Henry Cowell. The unique sound and conventions of minstrel banjo remain an attractive option for all players seeking to enrich their experience of the instrument. Which of the following is NOT true about James Reese Europe? By the 1850s, however,black elements had been reduced and moved to the concluding section of a three part show. By the middle of the 1830s there are tense riots directed against abolitionists in the North and in the South. Which is the best definition of "strophe? Which white actor invented the minstrel character "Jim Crow?". The high-pitched, thumb or drone string (the chanterelle, the fifth on a modern banjo) is seen on surviving 18th-century four-string banjos, and in banjo illustrations that long pre-date Sweeney's heyday. Foster is no less ambiguous. Center for American Music, U. of Pittsburgh, Sign up for the American Experience newsletter! 6 0 obj 5 0 obj Finger picking would soon overtake it as the dominant banjo style, although minstrel style remained popular and was preserved in the isolated Appalachian mountains and out West. And minstrelsy was one of those special kind of inventions that enable you to speak to the oppression that you are feeling from the top and to give yourself a niche in society that was different from those that you hoped to be below you, African-Americans. Which of the following became the conductor of the US Marine Band? It was the way the world was. There's a real identification with the plantation style of labor which white Northern working men actually come to transform into protest rhetoric of their own. And it was also the ability to laugh at them and feel superior to them because that was considered negative. The Press is a founding member of the Association of University Presses. Which of the following was a well-known composer of plantation songs and the first successful black American songwriter? But I think it is necessary to adapt them, maybe by just learning the instrumental, just learning the melody or by changing the lyrics, learning the changed lyrics because to sing them in their original form would be, I think, just perpetuating a stereotype that is no longer useful or no longer helpful or no longer functions in the same way in American society as it did in the 1840s and 1850s. John Philip Sousa. Which song recorded by the Paul Whiteman Band sold 2 million copies and featured the Swanee whistle (slide whistle), a novelty that helped sell the record? The son of a trombonist in the U.S. Marine Band, Sousa eventually became its conductor and later formed a "commercial" concert band, which toured widely in America and Europe. Which white banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels? Oh! Notes on the flyleaf indicate that Gould gave this book to Emmett, who "on his deathbed" returned it to Gould. Which of the following is true about the Afro-Cuban rumba? That's when you get the semi-circle with the traditional minstrel set-up, with these two characters being outrageous, who fidgeted all the time, who were saying the most inane things that could possibly be said. From the Clifton Waller Barrett Library of American Literature. Minstrelsy, through the body, expressed wildness, expressed abandon, it expressed joy, it expressed sex, it expressed all of these things that the middle-class was trying to repress through a worship of the mind. Which artist called himself the "Father of the Blues," wrote hits such as "Memphis Blues" and "St. Louis Blues," and was the most influential of the classic blues composers? What was the first form of musical and theatrical entertainment regarded by European audiences as distinctively American in character? I think it becomes much clearer when one looks at black minstrelsy again because when black minstrels started to take to the stage, they were advertised as the real thing. They are the fiddlers at the Virginia reels there, the entertainers in local restaurants and saloons and that kind of thing. Who led the urban folk group the Weavers? So this was not advertised as a stage show. So that image came totally from minstrelsy, and if we could go down the line and point out other ways in which those images pervaded the society at that time, those were the images, that was the sense of what black people were like. << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Resources 6 0 R /Contents 4 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 1768 One of the most popular composers of the early Tin Pan Alley period; he wrote a series of sentimental and nostalgic songs including "The Letter That Never Came" (1885) and "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away" (1899; later adopted as the official state song of Indiana). They're embracing a culture that they're seeming to deride at precisely the same time. endobj WebWhich White banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels Daniel Emmett Which of the following is true about songwriter Stephen Foster? Whether it's in the perceptions of black people who drive fancy cars -- Miles Davis complained about being pulled over every five minutes for driving a Maserati -- or whether it's in the hardly updated version of Jim Crow and something like the welfare mother. In the same way that Elvis Presley electrified the world, so did Daddy Rice when he did "Jump Jim Crow" on the London stage. The fact that we can see it from both sides and have to see it from both sides is infinitely more important in a questioning process than the right answer. His advertisements boasted that he played with "scientific touches of perfection". WebPopular Music of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries Minstrelsy and Stephen Foster I mean, masks do that. Perhaps the most prolific songwriter of the Tin Pan Alley era, and the composer who wrote the song "Blue Skies" for "The Jazz Singer," was: Tin Pan Alley songs usually began with a slow introduction, followed by a refrain, which was most often in what form? Which 1927 musical featured music by Jerome Kern and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II and was a new kind of musical show of unprecedented seriousness and depth? Minstrelsy is the first public commercial venue in which blacks, though of course, they're not blacks, are represented on the theatrical or musical stage. Songwriter and self-taught banjo player from Wisconsin who could not write down music; dictated his songs to a professional musician. That's one of the reasons why I emphasize that the lyrics have changed over the years. The 1870s saw a steep decline in the minstrel style of play. Bailey, Jay (1972). xMHa$T&R+SeL b}wg-E"u.VDNC:DuE^";cT03y| URcE4`vztLUF\)s:k-iYj6|vP4*wd>,y4!7CN-lCTS3q";-E#+c> v=S79@`mvUl5`P=Gj)kP*}6 ~^/~.~a2 Which productive, varied, and creative Tin Pan Alley composer was born in Temun, Russia, in 1888 and later immigrated to the United States as a result of the anti-Jewish pogrom in 1892? Crosby constantly varies his dynamics within individual phrases. I think it's more important to study history as it is, lest we ever repeat ourselves. Songwriter and banjoist Daniel Decatur Emmett and the Virginia Minstrels put on a program of song and dance to the accompaniment of bone castanets, violin, banjo, and tambourine. WebWhich white banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels? Which of the following was an influential ragtime pianist and composer? It's kind of like in the 1950s if you were a middle class guy and you saw Elvis, you knew that Elvis was shaking his hips in ways that weren't typically countenanced for white middle class boys, and that's why all the citizens' councils in the South called Elvis "nigger music" and were terribly afraid that Elvis, white as he was, being ambiguously raced just by being working-class, was going to corrupt the youth of America. You can trace it all the way up to the "Amos 'n Andy" show in the 1950s, to the maids that appeared in "Beulah" and other shows on radio and on television in the 1950s. Name the people responsible for promoting, often using unethical means, Tin Pan Alley. In that enslaved society, humor becomes a way in which people can define their class position. On the line following each word, write the word with a hyphen added to show how you would divide the word at the end of a line. Which group recorded the first jazz record in 1917? So what was the difference? WebThe blackface Virginia Minstrels in 1843, featuring tambourine, fiddle, banjo, and bones During the early 19th century an increasing number of black musicians learned to play European instruments, particularly the violin, which they used to parody European dance music in their own cakewalk dances. He wrote the first mega-hit popular song, "After the Ball" (published in 1892). the Ruthless: Monopoly's Secret History (espaol), Musical Movements: Impact, Influence and Issues. Stephen Foster was deeply attracted to this kind of ambience of the minstrel show. White actor born into a poor family in New York's Seventh Ward. There's a way in which they can mark who is included and who is not. It offered better sound quality than AM radio. More recently, musicians such as Michael Miles, and in particular Rhiannon Giddens, have achieved huge followings by reviving the minstrel style with all its original feeling. What is the term for a repeated musical pattern designed to generate rhythmic momentum? [Winchester, VA: 1863]. To this day Stephen Foster's music touches on what unites us as Americans and also on what divides us. The banjo rim is deeper and has a wider diameter for much the same reason. Which of the following became the conductor of the U.S. Marine Band? But I also understand at the same time -- it's the old thing, minstrelsy is many things to many people. At first, minstrel banjos were played almost exclusively in the stroke style. This consists of a downpicking motion where strings are struck by the back of the nail and plucked with the thumb. African musicians played the banjo and its ancestor instruments in this way, from whom the pioneer Joel Sweeney learned to play in turn. Mel Watkins: Which of the following is true about black southern gospel music? His earliest documented use of the banjo on stage was in April 1839. African American music in Stephen Foster's time, Uncle Tom's Cabin takes the nation by storm,Stephen Foster backs Pennsylvania Democrat JamesBuchanan and the Yale Glee Club nixes Foster. That's when you get Mr. Bones and Mr. Tambo. Classically trained guitarists seeking to impart greater respectability on the instrument (considered to be low-brow by the upper echelons of society) imported their own finger picking style. Josephine Wright: This is done to make the long strings and scale length more manageable. stream Composed around two hundred songs during the 1840s, 1850s, and early 1860s; regarded as the first important composer of American popular song. It's at the very earliest moments where Americans are beginning to define who they are distinctively apart from the rest of the world, particularly apart from western Europe, where many American ancestors had come from. Around the same time that Sweeney was performing for the Queen, the concept of the minstrel show was beginning to take on solid form. And by the 1860s black performers [were] going on the stage themselves and performing in a similar manner. But at the same time, there's an embrace of that culture that's happening on the stage at the same time. They did not deal directly with the troubling issues of the 1920s and 1930s: racism, massive unemployment, and the rise of fascism in Central and Eastern Europe. The music industry's discovery of black music can be traced to a set of recordings made in the early 1920's by which black vaudeville performer? Now its political charge varies enormously through the decades, but there are exemplars of the minstrel tradition all around us, both white, as well as black. It goes back before the turn of the century when immigrant songwriters such as George Gershwin and Irving Berlin fell in love with black culture. All wood, in fact, save for their brass brackets and tension hoop, skin head, and gut strings. This group, the In July 1843, Sweeney played during entr'actes at the Adelphi Theatre in Edinburgh, Scotland. Which of the following is true about the classic blues? Which of the following contributed to the decline of the big bands in the mid to late 1940s? At one and the same moment, though, you have a real interest, cross-racial interest in what it feels like to be a black person. Calling themselves the Virginia Minstrels, they made their first public appearance in February 1843. Minstrelsy is certainly something that should not enjoy any kind of resurrection at all today. There was a release. Which honky-tonk artist recorded "The Wild Side of Life?". If you are a working-class American in New York City at the time, you're feeling yourself squeezed politically, economically and socially from the top, but also to some extent from the bottom. Which White banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels? The difference was not so much a structural one because the musical style, the musical structure, the form of the melody and so forth, followed certain European patterns that were derived from the same kinds of music that genteel society were playing and singing. Webwordlist = ['! It's not just done by whites to parody blacks. This was what people had thought about blacks all along. https://quizlet.com/160626533/music-162-chapter-2-flash-cards And this was -- they were advertised as "Come to the theatre and get a real look into what plantation life was like." This photograph was taken at a minstrel show at the Elk's Lodge in Charlottesville, held on February 2 and 3, 1925. Which of the During the 1850s, the minstrel shows integrated more "genteel" entertainment in the form of popular and sentimental ballads of the day. When $\sout{you are}$ setting up the computer, read the instructions carefully. It developed during the late nineteenth century in Buenos Aires, Argentina. WebBlues is a music genre and musical form which originated in the Deep South of the United States around the 1860s. An enormous amount of American musical history and tradition is tied up with the banjo in this, its earliest standardized form. The most offensive of the lyrics used words like "nigger" which would have been common in the 1840s or 1850s [but] the lyrics that I was taught didn't have that in them. On stage you had white performers saying, "Okay, we accept this type of music, we accept the antic performers," and even though it was done in a ridiculing manner, there was some acceptance -- at least on stage. At its core, however, the banjo always remained, supported by percussion, fiddle, and other traditional slave instruments. Who proposes the murder of Antony? hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(1901150,'ddcc31c2-080c-41df-aacf-014e931a954e',{"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); clawhammer banjo is descended directly from stroke style, Ukulele Sizes Soprano, Concert, Tenor & Baritone, Top 5 Tips For Improving Single String Playing On the 5-String Banjo with Ryan Cavanaugh. 1994 University of Illinois Press They celebrated the exploits of black heroes and "bad men.". Now, how that impacted upon society itself was that they embraced it. Find out more about Edward P. Christy, Daniel Decatur Emmett,Jenny Lind andThomas Moore. It was much cruder. Jolson is accompanied by an orchestra that plays an elaborate and decorative accompaniment suitable to the flowery sentiments of the song. Webwhich white banjo virtuoso lead the virginia minstrels? Personally I would not be singing them as a part of my musical entertainment today, but I have great respect for them and I would introduce them to my students because it's a part of the American culture and American heritage. Columbia, 1991. They spit upon the stage, they threw peanut shells on the stage, and the kind of jumpy quality that the music exemplified was right up their alley. Ken Emerson: Who was the most influential songwriter of American popular song during the nineteenth century? A twelve-bar structure made up of three phrases of four bars each. Think for instance of "I Heard It Through the Grapevine," when Marvin Gaye and Gladys Knight and the Pips sang the original versions of the song. if ( 'querySelector' in document && 'addEventListener' in window ) { I think there are still the lenses white people put on when they look at black Americans, and it's sad but it's kind of desperately indicative of the way in which this country still hasn't surmounted the kinds of feelings that gave rise to minstrelsy in the first place. WebWhite actor born into a poor family in New York's Seventh Ward. People who control the dictionaries say, "This is music," and "That isn't music," that that is noise out there. The two toured, performing in early October at the Theatre Royal in Birmingham and later that month in a circus at Leicester. Frets would not become widespread on the 5-string banjo until 1878, introduced by Henry C. Dobson and then formally manufactured by the Buckbee Company. If the word cannot be divided, write *DND* for do not divide. An ex-minstrel show performer from a middle-class background, Bland wrote some seven hundred songs, including "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" (published in 1878, for a long time the official state song of Virginia) and "Oh, Dem Golden Slippers" (published in 1879). (Enter your ZIP code for information on American Experience events and screening in your area.). The first white performer to establish a wide reputation as a "blackface" entertainer. The publisher of Songs It often leads with the thumb and incorporates advanced techniques such as the nail-glide. It's a kind of love and loathing that's happening simultaneously. Daniel Emmett Which of the following was an influential ragtime pianist and composer? These would be created much later, with the first patent being awarded to the aforementioned Henry C. Dobson in 1878. WebThe Virginia Minstrels had 2 Banjo players, Dan Emmett and Billy Whitlock, a pupil of Sweeney. Deane Root: An Original Ethiopian Walkround" by Daniel Decatur Emmett. Middle-class culture is one that has worshipped the mind and has largely tried to divorce the body from the expression of what they are. Into the 1850s and 60s, minstrel shows kept on gaining popularity. The Briggs Banjo Instructor', the first fully fledged banjo tutoring book, released in 1855, utilizes this tuning based on the experiences of leading minstrel banjo player Thomas Briggs. Nonetheless, the musical form represents America's first indigenous musical theater. Which country blues artist's guitar playing was so remarkable that stories circulated claiming he sold his soul to the devil? "-JJ,:G.qQw?n5'#[ He composed popular marches such as "El Capitan," "The Washington Post," and "The Stars and Stripes Forever.". WebWhich White banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels? Minstrelsy swept the world in the 1830s and 1840s much the same way that rock and roll did more than a hundred years later. The audience for minstrelsy, especially after the 1830s and into the 1840s was a quite localized and specific working class, lower middle-class, mostly male audience that responded very vocally to the kinds of syncopated, pre-rock-and-roll sounds that were put forward on the minstrel stage. Songs of the Virginny Banjoist. Joel died in Appomattox on 29 October 1860 of dropsy. In probably the summer of 1830, Thomas Dartmouth Rice, who was called "Daddy" Rice, a sort of minor character actor out of New York City, was in Louisville, Kentucky. So that you had these two different things going on. Think of Creedence Clearwater Revival, four white boys from El Cerrito, California. This routine achieved immediate popularity, and throughout the 1830s Rice had many imitators. But I understand, too, that it's so embedded in the tradition of derision that people want nothing to do with even the association of it. It need hardly be said that minstrelsy is about racial derision. Which big band got its first big break in 1934 on the radio program "Let's Dance," which was sponsored by the National Biscuit Company? In addition to being a songwriter, he was a master brewer and created the recipe for Foster's Premium Ale, d. He embraced both genteel traditions and less highly regarded but popular traditions such as minstrelsy, e. He was known for his flashy guitar solos. He toured through Virginia in It's good to reflect on it. Which ensemble recorded "Dippermouth Blues?". You can hardly look at the mimicking of African-American manners, mores, maybe music, maybe dance, and see that these people are being cast as somehow less than the people who are portraying them. It was advertised as a peephole view of what black people were really like. Which White actor invented the minstrel character Jim Crow?. 1Ea9}7_yOG(dk:N%gq.O:9B$RZ~"d.LG>+w>/~W@/T]G4zAQWo>hvQ$V~RCk{Myk0}LNiiL-H+Q^(hqI.Zz5n|1'?dgID{C:y@ 'o;Ew F0XbP97k{eioUQv#]$rd0oR_3;h^B-`>[M[Nw$LJI)fxB.s[OP-/A>p5E,">vsMc@tQ~Y]YK-]A$B9~h1\1tN(8gp=yEQ7--zMeumZkEmE2LlWaG&M0q&OftMnE^fyCiCi2koNybIEI2j:M~b&h(ibvnl,yLA'$xgKe[k[s,6y+|PQZt'f4x\+jjbNTLz~DweLUj(Qm[u6];w4)SK7>F*ptvFDF?ps!1y(+JOCAq_ZS]m/v{!bE3[l|. ;tq@.K/ Nv=[!6HM(SU#\jl*1-.,mCD[~&Vi8D0SX+r9eUj+y^Z%}Fj wY>Pbl2 VWij4ZNf7*Qte;u M*L#>rG%0#7C/vA%!+]a{ni8BF{c22sSml-Chvc+Q?8A|3xIIg:w'}fE.:WHwe^rP. He is known for popularizing We don't want to be wage slaves." He was a cornet player and leader of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band. What's fascinating about minstrelsy is really just how strange it is, how weird it is at bottom. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Joel Sweeney's younger brothers, Sampson ("Sam") and Richard ("Dick"), and his sister Missouri were also talented banjo and fiddle players. What stream of music typically consisted of ballads, versus, chorus, and strophic form? Gradually, they would change it, they would make modifications. In addition Minstrel shows usually had a fiddler, a bones player and a drum/tambourine. It was filled with things that a middle-class culture considered beneath it and amusical. marks $\underline{\hspace{3cm}}$. On stage in the minstrel show he became the shuffling toady. In colonial America the banjo was known as an instrument of "the lower classes,"[8] but by 1841, Sweeney was remaking the banjo into an instrument for the middle class. It's actually getting inside the persons of slaves and free blacks in the North, and there are whole sets of complications and contradictions that arise from that simple fact. "Outlandish claims have been made about Sweeney, from his being the "inventor" of the banjo to his being the first white man to play the banjo. "Hard Times Come Again No More" McGarrigle, Kate and Anna. endobj It would be historically inaccurate for me, as a musicologist, to suggest that we abandon a repertory of music which is so historical because of the racial insensitivity of some of the text. stream And most of that came from minstrelsy. xYr6}WGg&Akli$d2>PeHiO Y-8sA Which of the following was NOT associated with western swing? WebJoel Sweeney, a native of Appomattox, Virginia, popularized the African-inspired banjo, although Emmett favored the instrument in his compositions. Which Spanish-born violinist, film star, and bandleader was known as the "Rhumba King" and did the most to popularize Latin music during the swing era? And perhaps quite rightly they are. PBS American Experience page on minstrelsy, University of Virginia site on minstrelsy. Interlocutor lead performer, snag and So simultaneously you can give expression to your identity, and you can also criticize the policies of those that you feel are oppressing you. Scott Joplin's first successful piece was "Maple Leaf Rag" (1898). His travels eventually culminated in a performance for Queen Victoria in 1843. Bailey, J: "Historical Origin and Stylistic Developments of the Five-String Banjo", p. 59, Joel Sweeney & The Musical Sweeneys of Appomattox, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joel_Sweeney&oldid=1138144897, People of Virginia in the American Civil War, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Although early minstrelsy relied on existing American and British genres, by the 1820s the American minstrel show had developed a distinctive national character. Theatrical productions, concerts, dances, exhibitions, including Barnum-style "museums" all drew large audiences. 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