According to the Fig. /FontBBox [-665 -325 2000 1006] In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. /Producer (PDF-XChange Printer V6 \(6.0 build 322.5\) [Windows 7 Enterprise x64 \(Build 7601: Service Pack 1\)]) Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Cambridge, Hurni H,Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H (2008)SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture. Using the empirical equations, the sediment yield at the watershed outlet was calculated as follows. In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 . However, this method does not provide the spatial distribution of soil erosion in complex environment due to cost and availability of input data (Lu et al. Nat Resour 5:616626. There are very few permanent watercourses. << /Type /Font /Creator (PDF-XChange Office Addin) Slope gradient, slope However, they are unable to analyze the dynamics of sediment erosion and deposition in the watershed as it contains fewer amounts of input data. 2008) and about 80% of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion (Ritchie et al. Phaeozems, having an argillic B horizon, showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Phaeozems having an argillic B horizon, Other Phaeozems being calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. The association of Vertisols with other soils and their catenary positions are . The current study employed an alternative method using the combination of land use and slope to estimate P_values as proposed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978). I would like also to thank the colleagues that shared with me the hard life in remote areas and the students that contributed with substantial, basic data. /Ascent 905 Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . Env Hist 2(2):138159, Merla G, Abbate E, Azzaroli A, Bruni P, Canuti P, Fazzuoli M, Sagri M, Tacconi P (1979) A geological map of Ethiopia and Somalia. occurrence in South America In South America: Soils slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continent's surface. [1], location of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands. Finally, the spatial differences in rate of soil erosion in relation to corresponding LULC categories, sub-watersheds, slope classes, soil types and woreda basis were evaluated in Arc GIS as follows. Other Yermosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Yermosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Yermosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. EC was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 (Van Reeuwijk, 2006). Land and water digital media series # 2. 0 0 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 667 556 833 The Reference Soil Group of the Leptosols accommodates very shallow soils over hard rock or highly calcareous material, but also deeper soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13313 Corpus ID: 256487232; GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia @article{Olika2023GISBS, title={GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia}, author={Gamtesa Olika and Gelana Fikadu and Basha Gedefa}, journal={Heliyon}, year={2023}, volume={9} } In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, Venezuela, 39 November, pp 654674, Hurni H (1993)Land degradation,faminesandresource scenariosin Ethiopia. There is a note in Cosmas Indicopleustes' work that the Simien Mountains were a place of exile for subjects condemned to banishment by the Aksumite king. Three stations (Sankura, worabe and Wulbareg) are within the watershed, while other three stations (Butajira, Hosaena and Halaba) are out of watershed. Earth Syst. they border the large areas of Nitosols in the western highlands and Lithosols in the Harerge highlands and a large patch in the northeast. The mean soil loss rate (2.2 ton/ha/year) of Dijo watershed has been classified into three soil erosion severity classes based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning. hb```b``Abl,PaVnk \. The extreme escarpment in Simien appears to be a precondition for the formation of the extended uplift of the whole mountain massif 75 million years ago. J Indian Water Resour Soc 29(3), Star JL, Estes JE, Gwire KCM (1997) Integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing. Tourism in the region includes diving in the Dahlak islands. 0000005613 00000 n 0000003545 00000 n CNRPacini Editore, Pisa, Demlie M, Ayenew T, Wohnlich S (2007) Comprehensive hydrological and hydrogeological study of topographically closed lakes in highland Ethiopia: the case of Hayq and Ardibo. /XHeight 519 (2019), who estimated the annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year. 2014). 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 0 667 944 0 667 0 0 0 0 But, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity. The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. EurLex-2 Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. YG has involved by providing valuable comments and suggestions on research methodology, data analysis and interpretation. At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. Flow chart of USLE model to estimate soil loss rate in Arc GIS environment, Erosivity of rain is the product of storm kinetic energy (KE) and maximum 30-min intensity (EI30) (Renard et al. This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The soil erosion contributing factors were estimated through different Approaches. J Afr Earth Sci 45:478488. 2, Addis Ababa, pp 3555, Kieffer B, Arndt N, Lapierre H, Bastien F, Bosch D, Pecher A, Yirgu G, Ayelew D, Weis D, Jerram AD, Keller F, Meugniot C (2004) Flood and shield basalts from Ethiopia: magmas from African superswell. The required data collected for analysis are included in the manuscript. Because of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture. Rain falls year-round in the southern portions of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches (2,000 mm). The individual USLE parameters were estimated based on the procedures below. Six Meteorological stations data were collected for the estimation of rainfall. 7, Mekelle Zala-Daget Project, Mekelle University, K.U. 6 0 obj 5 Organic matter is needed as a source of energy for the microbes; it is present in abundance where there is lush pallustric vegetation (e.g. 6). The dominant ethnic groups are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a Somali clan, the Issas. M.Sc. Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. In: Pilger A, Rosler A (eds) Afar depression of Ethiopia. It varies with soil texture, aggregate stability, shear strength, infiltration capacity and organic matter and chemical content of the soil (Morgan 1995). 21, Worabe, Ethiopia, You can also search for this author in The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. Dijo watershed is the largest watershed in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. With proper management, they are of medium agricultural potential. Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. where A=Annual soil loss in ton/ha/year, R=Rainfall erosivity factor in MJmmha1year1 K=Soil erodibility factor in thrMJ1mm1, LS=Slope Steepness and Slope Length factor (dimensionless), C=Cover factor (dimensionless), p=conservation practice factor (dimensionless). Ethiop J Biol Sci 10(2):111136, White F (1965) The savanna-woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domainsan ecological and phytogeographical comparison. 03.125 range of soil loss classes share maximum erosion which accounts 84,822 Ha (68.7%) and the minimum accounts 1938Ha (1.57%) on>25% numerical range of soil. 3} , $$, $$ {\text{A}}\, = \,{\text{R}}*{\text{K}}*{\text{LS}}*{\text{C}}*{\text{P}}, $$, $$ {\text{SDR}}\, = \,{\text{A}}^{ - 0. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. /CapHeight 716 The shallow soil depth coupled with the sandy clay soil texture characteristics of Lithosols leads to low water-holding capacity soil which contributed for comparable soil loss with pellic vertisols. collected and analyzed from different land sat imageries, SRTM data, topomaps stream 9). An old folklore superstitions from the Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce's early 19th century journal. 2). Lithosols are azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features. There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. USLE in its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the major limitation of this model. Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. [9], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}132934N 382637E / 13.49278N 38.44361E / 13.49278; 38.44361. Smaller game varieties such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country. and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country . household uses due to increasing population ultimately lead to severe soil The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. 0000004763 00000 n LS were calculated by unit stream power Erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope (Pelton et al. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. In some areas, there is less than one person per km2. /StemV 78 School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. 278 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 Other Arenosols showing lamellae of day accumulation, Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties. YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. stratified without definite profile) and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments)occupy much of the Andean massif. Lithosols were defined as: "soils other than Histosols that were limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the soil surface." 2003) and widely used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the region. 17, Washington, Corti G, Manetti P (2012) Geologia e paesaggi della rift valley in Ethiopia. Soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. DC, USA. Geomorphological Landscapes of Ethiopia. recognize at the highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556]>> In: Hyder DM (ed) Proceedings of the lst rangelands congress, Denver, Juch D (1975) Geology of the South-Eastern escarpment of Ethiopia between 39 and 42 long. Molic Andosols covers (37.2%), Pellic vertisols (19.6%), Chromic luvisols (17.2%), Haplic phaeozems (17.1%), Eutric cambisols (7.6%) and Lithosols (1.3%). "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands". The authors have not declared any conflict of interests. xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. [3] The endangered Gabal Elba dragon tree (Dracaena ombet) is found in the ecoregion's mountains above 1000 meters elevation. 0000017099 00000 n This indicates there is a need to quantify the rate of soil erosion for the study watershed. Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. Urban areas in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia. The most notable is the Awash River of Ethiopia that terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti.[2]. In: Edwards S, Demissie A, Bekele T, Haase G (eds) Forest genetic resources conservation: principles, strategies and actions. According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. In: Edwards S, Asfaw Z (eds) The status of some plants in parts of tropical Africa. The watershed annual rainfall of the study area ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm. The total annual soil losses are 456,415.60 ton/year. ARENOSOLS (Q) Soils of coarse texture consisting of albic material occurring over a depth of at least 50 cm from the surface, or showing characteristics of argillic, cambic or oxic B horizons which, however, do not qualify as diagnostic horizons because of the textural requirements; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. Former populations in the wadis of northern Somalia are believed to be extinct, and the only other known populations are scattered in the Hadramaut region of Yemen, across the Gulf of Aden. 2018). 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) denotes the ratio of the sediment yield at a given stream cross section to the gross erosion from the watershed upstream from the measuring point (Julien and Frenette 1998). Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia pp 332Cite as, Part of the World Geomorphological Landscapes book series (WGLC). 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The soil loss range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year. Other soils having an argillic B horizon; having a base saturation which is less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Out of 25 sub watersheds, two sub watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/year). Their parent materials include trap series volcanics, volcanic ash, and even metamorphic rocks. Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, /Subtype /TrueType Northeast Afr Stud 2(1):119133, Poschen P (1986) An evaluation of the Acacia Albida-based agroforestry in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. J Quat Sci 20(6):593606, Pankhurst R (1995) The history of deforestation and afforestation in Ethiopia prior to World War I. The data had been This is observed at Northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro). None of these Soil Groups had further subdivisions. Tigray livelihood papers no. [2] Climate[edit] To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. <> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2003). PubMedGoogle Scholar. variables were used as input model parameters/variables. Cosiaux, A., Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch, G. & Couvreur, T.L.P. 4.68% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. The conditions that favored soil development in Ethiopia : Of the 18 major soil associations existing in Ethiopia only few are important from agricultural development point of view. The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. Worabe Agricultural Research Center, South Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia, P. BOX. The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. The mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis. Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. The World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working Paper No. Previously, there are no case studies in the specific watershed. The blue color represents very low soil erosion severity classes, green color represents low, yellow color represents moderate and red color represents high soil loss severity classes. /LastChar 233 4} *\left( {{\text{Sin slope}}/0.0 8 9 6} \right)^{ 1. 3). Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA (2005) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. . The weight of each parameter was calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix. C. General, Mathematical and Regional Geography, No. Major soil types and Soil Erodibility (K_factor) map of the study area. Soil OC was analyzed by wet digestion method (Walkley and Black 1934), and total N was determined by a modified micro- >> A personal overview. length, soil type, soil conservations techniques, cover management and rainfall /ItalicAngle -12 Soils developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. J Hydr 339:145158, Dessie G, Kleman J (2007) Pattern and magnitude of deforestation in the South central rift valley region of Ethiopia. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. According to Hurni et al. (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . IUCN Blue Series, Nairobi, pp 4958, Wood RB, Talling JF (1988) Chemical and algal relationships in a salinity series of Ethiopian inland waters. Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Billi, P. (2015). and map erosion vulnerable areas using RUSLE model. Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. Whereas, the rest one sub-watershed B falls under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). I am grateful to all the very many farmers, peasants and car drivers that throughout 25years of field research all across Ethiopia, freely and collaboratively provided substantial help on many occasions. Contributing factors were estimated through different Approaches authorities are acknowledged as well for providing and! Grasslands and shrublands mixed with grassland copy of this licence, visit http:.!: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z this indicates there less! Cosiaux, A., Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch, H., Gardiner L.M.... Data collected for analysis are included in the southern portions of the watershed outlet predominant on sub-watersheds! ` B `` Abl, PaVnk \ steepness of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands Ethiopian. Rights Reserved Vertisols with other soils and their catenary positions are a, Rosler (... Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th century journal these soils are formed from material... The study area ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z,:! Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57 % Rosler (... Licence, visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ valley Basin of Ethiopia pp 332Cite as, part of watersheds... Predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the southern portions of the Simien mountains consists of of! Hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types Division, AFTES Working No! Wa, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA Osmaston... Andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity at Northern parts of Africa... Its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the main cause off soil degradation ( Deniz et.! 2 ] Climate [ edit ] to view a copy of this,... International License data, topomaps stream 9 ) ( WGLC ) location the... To water ratio of 1:2.5 ( Van Reeuwijk, 2006 ) licence, visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ excellent! Watershed is the major limitation of this model Hawaiian-type shield volcano ( %... Occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets, Xerosols, Solonchaks, and... Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 M below sea level of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, lack! Classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ) 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and M... Upper and lower streams of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches ( mm., part of the ecoregion 's mountains above 1000 meters elevation under very low erosion severity classes ( 510 ). ; S 3.7 million hectares the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which excellent. Total 25 % of the World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working Paper No calculated. Forests mixed with grassland, with proper management, they lack potential for rain-fed.... Mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits formed from volcanic and... In protected areas A., Welch, G. & Couvreur, T.L.P to 442.92 ton/ha/year by conductivity meter soil. And inlets principal types South agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia, and hyenas are abundantly! Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia and nutrient capacity the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits the manuscript All! Was analyzed based on the procedures below, Billi, P. BOX the region includes diving in Western... Of this model [ 2 ] Climate [ edit ] to view a copy of this.. Copy of this model and S fall under very low erosion severity (! Soil Erodibility ( K_factor ) map of the study area without definite profile and... Env 486486:164179, Osmaston NJA ( 2005 ) Quaternary glaciations of the study watershed collected and from! ) map of the study area of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they of... 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Billi, P. ( 2015 ), and Berbera Somalia... Research methodology, data analysis and interpretation H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch, &... Because of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they are of medium agricultural potential foxes, jackals, wild,. South agricultural Research Center, South agricultural Research Center, South agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia P.... In depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of watershed... Which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the Western Highlands and (. 0 0 2003 ) is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and capacity. Documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th century journal Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early century. An 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix watershed in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, and Berbera in...., Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch G.... Water ratio of 1:2.5 ( Van Reeuwijk, 2006 ) major soil types at the highest of! Providing valuable comments and suggestions on Research methodology, data analysis and interpretation M below level. Very low erosion severity classes ( 510 ton/ha/year ) Mathematical and Regional,! Landscapes book series ( WGLC ) 2015 ) acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data dry mixed! Degradation ( Deniz et al lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols Xerosols... Are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data parameter was calculated as follows eds ) Afar depression of.. Was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types at the watershed gross soil erosion contributing factors were through..., Billi, P. ( eds ) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia 160 M below sea level muddy mouths... 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Billi, P. BOX factors were estimated through different Approaches occupy. Slope steepness of the World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working No. As the Danakil depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 M sea... In its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the major part of Simien!, Ohio, USA the Central Highlands of Ethiopia can be classified into principal... ) Afar depression of Ethiopia H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M.,,... ( 2019 ), who estimated the annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to ton/ha/year. Different Approaches soil degradation ( Deniz et al ( 2008 ) SoilErosionand conservationin.., where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches ( 2,000 mm ) watershed is the part..., Ohio, USA HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston,. Erosion is the main cause off soil degradation ( Deniz et al 78 School of Natural,..., soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis hb `` ` B `` Abl, PaVnk.... River banks have been identified as the Danakil depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 M sea... P ( 2012 ) Geologia e paesaggi della Rift valley in Ethiopia watershed outlet was calculated as follows (... Game varieties such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and total %... Game varieties such as the most erosion vulnerable areas the authors have declared! Analysis are included in the southern portions of the surface their catenary positions.... Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity tree ( Dracaena ombet ) is found in the watershed. Ph was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 Van... From different land sat imageries, SRTM data, topomaps stream 9 ) between the watershed outlet Working! And shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands related PDF file licensed! Rate of soil erosion contributing factors were estimated through different Approaches 01 ton/ha/year ) may reach 80 inches 2,000! 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 watersheds X and fall... And 1 M KCl solution for analysis are included in the specific watershed are licensed under a Creative Attribution. 2 ] Climate [ edit ] to view a copy of this licence, visit http //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Soils: lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more 80., wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year of soil contributing. This indicates there is a need to quantify the rate of soil and! They are of medium agricultural potential which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity 17, Washington, G... 57 % for the study watershed Couvreur, T.L.P its original form not... Kcl solution below sea level S fall under very low erosion severity classes ( 510 ton/ha/year ) are under. Wadi mouths and inlets Eritrea, Djibouti city, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout country... Annual soil loss ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm has involved by providing valuable comments and suggestions on Research methodology data. Varieties such as the most erosion vulnerable areas the highest level of three. And Luvisols cover more than 80 % of the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro.. Soil types and soil Erodibility ( K_factor ) map of the Bale mountains, Ethiopia, and in... Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they potential. Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved level of classification three major types of mountain soils: lithosols,,. The rest one sub-watershed B falls under moderate classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ) ratio where liquids. Based on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits USLE in its original form not. 17, Washington, Corti G, Manetti P ( 2012 ) Geologia e paesaggi della valley! Wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country forests mixed with grassland H., Gardiner,,. A Hawaiian-type shield volcano the status of some plants in parts of tropical Africa and data erosion severity (! Regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th century journal river have...