67 0 obj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 219 0 obj endobj >> endobj << << << /Resources << null 536 0 R null 537 0 R null 538 0 R null 539 0 R null 540 0 R However, it merely focused on financial crimes and neglected interpersonal criminal behaviours such as cyberstalking (Behera, 2010; Halder & Jaishankar, 2008; Nappinai, 2010). /Pg 14 0 R /Pg 23 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] 55 0 obj >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj /P 9 0 R endobj to make someone else afraid or concerned about their safety [1]. << /S /P /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /K 3 109 563 0 R 110 564 0 R 111 565 0 R 112 632 0 R 113 634 0 R /S /P 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R endobj 420 0 R null 421 0 R null 422 0 R null 423 0 R null 418 0 R 78 0 R /Chart /Figure /Pg 16 0 R /StructParents 1 A lock ( 61 0 R] /StructParents 3 << /P 9 0 R /K [5 473 0 R 474 0 R 475 0 R] >> /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /Annots [275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R] /XObject << /S /P >> << 90 0 obj >> /S /P /S /P /Pg 24 0 R >> /K 10 >> << Amendment by Pub. /P 9 0 R >> Under 18 U.S.C. /S /P endobj /K 6 << /K [454 0 R 455 0 R 456 0 R 457 0 R 458 0 R 459 0 R 460 0 R 461 0 R 462 0 R 463 0 R] /K [0 407 0 R 22] In this situation, legislators in Missouri, at the urging of the public and Meier's parents, passed "Megan's Law",[18][19] primarily aimed at the crime of a person over 21 years of age bullying a person under 18 years of age. /TT1 244 0 R endobj /Annots [340 0 R 341 0 R] 65 0 obj /Parent 7 0 R 2000Pub. endobj >> endobj >> /Pg 28 0 R << << /S /P 44 0 obj 135 0 R 527 0 R 136 0 R] /Type /Pages >> /K 18 application/pdf /Type /Pages /K 15 >> >> null 407 0 R 66 0 R 413 0 R 74 0 R 414 0 R 74 0 R 415 0 R 75 0 R 416 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 177 0 obj endobj Senator Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) and Representative Rush D. Holt, Jr. (D-NJ-12) introduced the "Tyler Clementi Higher Education Anti-Harassment Act", which would mandate that colleges and universities that receive federal funding have policies in place to address harassmentincluding cyberbullying. 15 [144 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R null /K [447 0 R 448 0 R 449 0 R 450 0 R 451 0 R] /Type /Pages /Parent 7 0 R >> [14], Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union have taken the view that cyberbullying is an overly expansive term, and that the First Amendment protects all speech, even the reprehensible; this protection would extend to the Internet. >> /K 5 >> 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R WebAdult cyberstalking victims are protected by separate regulations from those aimed at preventing online harassment of minors. >> /Pg 30 0 R ", "Free Speech and "Cyber-bullying" | American Civil Liberties Union", "First Amendment and cyber bullying - Global Voices Advocacy", "Missouri Revisor of Statutes - Revised Statutes of Missouri, RSMo, Missouri Law, MO Law", "Bill targets adults who cyberbully | News", "N.J. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] Explanation : Cyberstalking involves using electronic means, including the Internet, to stalk or harass a person or group of people. /P 9 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Limits [64 115] endobj 120 0 obj /S /P /Pg 19 0 R /Contents 316 0 R << /StructParents 0 Hassalo Street, Portland, OR 97213-3644, United States. /K 7 /P 9 0 R >> >> [5], Commonwealth offences that criminalise the misuse of telecommunication services are also relevant when technology is used to communicate harassment[6] or threats. /Contents 353 0 R /ColorSpace << [15], In general, such organizations argue that while the need for legislation against cyberbullying may exist, legislators must take a cautious, reasoned approach to enacting laws, and not rush into creating laws that would curtail speech too much. Under this statute, cyberstalking includes harassment through the use of electronic communications as well as accessing or attempting to access the online accounts or internet-connected home electronic systems of another person without that persons << endobj /K 7 endobj /Contents 355 0 R 135 0 obj /K 8 /S /P 121 0 R 122 0 R null 476 0 R null 477 0 R null 478 0 R null 479 0 R >> 21 581 0 R 22 359 0 R 23 364 0 R 24 365 0 R endobj 4 0 obj 161 0 obj uuid:271fb036-f088-4ba0-9cbc-b0d52ee3eb8a << >> /Pg 13 0 R << 129 0 obj << << /S /P 14 0 obj endobj 2011-02-16T10:29:34+01:00 /P 9 0 R /K 4 42 0 obj /S /P /K 2 << << /S /P endobj << endobj /K 9 159 0 obj /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 9.1 for Word) /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R >> 119 0 obj endobj >> << /Pg 17 0 R /K 26 >> 189 0 obj endobj null 557 0 R null 558 0 R null 559 0 R null 560 0 R null 561 0 R 114 574 0 R 115 635 0 R] 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R endobj << The primary distinction is one of age; if adults are involved, the act is usually termed cyberstalking, while among children it is usually referred to as cyberbullying. /Resources << /Rotate 0 endobj /S /Footnote /StructParents 2 /K [1 562 0 R 26 563 0 R 28] >> /Pg 28 0 R /TT1 245 0 R /TT0 243 0 R >> [36] However, the constitutionality of this law has been challenged in courts, with Judge Ronald B. Leighton of the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington ruled in February 2019 that the law as written could include "a large range of non-obscene, non-threatening speech" and that "As a result even public criticisms of public figures and public officials could be subject to criminal prosecution and punishment". /Pg 31 0 R This page was last edited on 28 November 2022, at 19:31. /Font << /K 5 >> /Pg 30 0 R Cyber stalking generally involves unwarranted, repeated and threatening conduct of the offender via the Internet or social media platforms, which causes fear, distress or alarm to the victim. 54 0 obj endobj 122 0 obj endobj The law also requires schools to create policies to address bullying in a general sense.[40][41]. >> << << A cyberstalker acts of out of anger, or a need to control, or gain revenge over another person through threats, fear, and intimidation. endobj >> endobj 71 0 obj a. Jurisdictional and definitional concerns with computer-mediated interpersonal crimes: An analysis on cyber stalking. /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] [30], Under Florida Statute 784.048, "cyberstalking," defined as to engage in a course of conduct to communicate, or to cause to be communicated, words, images, or language by or through the use of electronic mail or electronic communication, directed at a specific person, causing substantial emotional distress to that person and serving no legitimate purpose, is classified as a first degree misdemeanor. [43][44] Another issue is that would make violation of the law a felony, rather than a misdemeanor as has been done in most states. /K 5 1 0 obj >> /K 3 33 0 R 364 0 R 41 0 R 365 0 R 41 0 R 366 0 R 42 0 R] /S /P /K 5 14 [140 0 R 141 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R null 533 0 R null 534 0 R null 535 0 R /S /P endobj 172 0 obj << /Title (International \(cyber\)stalking: impediments to investigation and prosecution) /K 6 /InlineShape /Figure /Parent 7 0 R /S /P endobj /S /P /S /Table /Pg 17 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> endobj /K [19 580 0 R] >> 6 [84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 584 0 R /S /P /Pg 32 0 R endobj 48 0 obj << /Type /Page 25 0 obj [53], The Global Cyber Law Database (GCLD) aims to become the most comprehensive and authoritative source of cyber laws for all countries.[54]. /Parent 8 0 R << << /S /P /K 13 /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /TT1 244 0 R endobj /S /P /Pg 27 0 R /K [2 564 0 R 30 565 0 R 32] << >> 108 0 obj /Pg 14 0 R /S /P >> /K 8 /K 1 /K 2 endobj endobj /P 9 0 R [7], The Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) protects individuals from harassment, including harassment that occurs via electronic communications. >> /Pg 31 0 R /P 9 0 R endobj /S /P 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R /ColorSpace << /K 6 /K [518 0 R 519 0 R 520 0 R 521 0 R 522 0 R 523 0 R] With computer stalking, the cyberstalker exploits the Internet and the Windows operating system in order to assume control over the computer of the targeted victim. /P 9 0 R >> 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 184 0 obj << /Type /Page >> /P 9 0 R /S /P endobj >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 200 0 obj << endobj 93 0 obj L. 109162 amended section catchline and text generally, revising and restating former provisions relating to stalking so as to include surveillance with intent to kill, injure, harass, or intimidate which results in substantial emotional distress to a person within the purview of the offense proscribed. Students at her school had bullied her for months in school, and that harassment eventually moved online as well. /StructParents 20 /K 14 100 0 obj /Rotate 0 131 0 obj /TT0 243 0 R 548 0 R null 549 0 R null 627 0 R 628 0 R 550 0 R 151 0 R] /S /P endobj 207 0 obj >> /Pg 27 0 R /S /P /Type /Page /K [476 0 R 477 0 R 478 0 R 479 0 R 480 0 R 481 0 R] /P 9 0 R Judge Leighton placed an injunction on the law to block its enforcement pending appeal. 58 0 obj 36 0 obj /K [0 359 0 R 20] /Pg 13 0 R However, state laws vary in how they handle cyberstalking.Technology can quickly be put to use by stalkers; for /S /P [37] In 2021, the senate introduced two bills at the aim of addressing cyberharassment, the first of which, Senate Bill (SB) 5881, which was mainly aimed at preventing doxing, led to the same free speech concerns as the existing cyberstalking laws. /K 6 /S /P /S /P 5 0 obj 127 0 obj >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 25 366 0 R 26 367 0 R 27 368 0 R 28 582 0 R 29 382 0 R /P 9 0 R 185 0 R null 578 0 R null 635 0 R 636 0 R] endobj /S /P /P 9 0 R 180 0 obj /Contents 268 0 R >> 185 0 obj /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R /S /P << /Pg 27 0 R >> endobj endobj 126 0 obj << /P 9 0 R Google Scholar Eck J. E., Weisburd D. (1995). /ColorSpace << /Pg 32 0 R /Author (Svdraa) /S /P [48] In addition, as with the Snchez bill, there are questions as to the free speech implications.[49]. Knowingly permitting any electronic communications device to be used for any of the purposes mentioned in this subsection (a). /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R 2 [53 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R null 374 0 R /S /P endobj /S /P /S /P /S /P [8], The Australian government has proposed specific cyberbullying laws to protect children.[9]. 2 0 obj /Pg 17 0 R << /S /P /TT1 258 0 R 11 0 obj endobj TMC Academic Journal, 3(10), 48-62. endobj 74 483 0 R 75 484 0 R 76 485 0 R 77 486 0 R 78 623 0 R >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] >> /Annots [229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R] /P 9 0 R 57 430 0 R 58 444 0 R 59 445 0 R 60 446 0 R 61 452 0 R /S /P /P 9 0 R /ColorSpace << /S /P It often appears as a form of revenge after a fight or breakup. /S /Footnote << /P 9 0 R /K 4 /Resources << /S /P << /TT1 285 0 R /Pg 30 0 R /P 9 0 R In 2013, Indian Parliament made amendments to the Indian Penal Code, introducing cyberstalking as a criminal offence. /P 9 0 R /Parent 8 0 R /P 9 0 R International law emphasizes a supranational concept related to cybercrime. 183 0 obj /K 23 purposes: (c) Telecommunications carriers, commercial mobile service providers, and providers of information services, including, but not limited to, Internet service providers and hosting service providers, are not liable under this Section, except for willful and wanton misconduct, by virtue of the transmission, storage, or caching of electronic communications or messages of others or by virtue of the provision of other related telecommunications, commercial mobile services, or information services used by others in violation of this Section. Earlier this month, we sent an email containing a hypothetical scenario of cyberstalking, based on a number of real cases we have seen, to all the police forces in the UK, the Crown Prosecution Service and (as suggested by two police forces) the Association for Chief Police Officers ( ACPO ). /S /P /P 9 0 R /K 16 /P 9 0 R >> /S /P 632 0 R 633 0 R 634 0 R 633 0 R 574 0 R 164 0 R] /S /P << endobj >> /P 9 0 R The bill would also enable the U.S. Department of Education to provide training to institutes of higher education to prevent or address harassment. Section 67A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 punishes a person who sends or causes to send or publish any material containing sexually explicit acts or conduct in electronic media. /K [11 487 0 R 488 0 R 489 0 R] /K [3 544 0 R 36 545 0 R 546 0 R 547 0 R] endobj /Count 10 >> /S /P 56 0 obj 32 0 obj >> /P 9 0 R << /Contents 257 0 R 95 0 obj /S /P >> >> 107 0 obj [23] It also lists those states that do not have laws yet and related laws from other countries. >> endobj /P 9 0 R 514 0 R 131 0 R] Stalking a person online may also involve stalking the person in real life. 35 0 obj endobj /Pg 21 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] << /S /P /S /P 3 [62 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R null 393 0 R null 394 0 R null 395 0 R null 875 (c), it is a federal crime, punishable by up to five years in prison and a fine of up to $250,000, to /Pg 27 0 R /Contents 248 0 R WebInstead of laws specifically covering cyberstalking and cyberharassment, most countries use stalking and/or harassment laws to prosecute the perpetrators of these cybercrimes. >> >> << A qualitative study on the perception of cyber stalking and the adequacy of the anti-stalking law to regulate such crime in Malaysia is somewhat scarce. /K [369 0 R 370 0 R] << /Strikeout /Span /Parent 6 0 R /S /P 7, 2013, see section 4 of Pub. /S /P 610 0 R 611 0 R 612 0 R 613 0 R 614 0 R 615 0 R 616 0 R 617 0 R 618 0 R 619 0 R << /Metadata 2 0 R endobj /P 9 0 R << endobj 47 0 obj 114 0 obj >> /Pg 21 0 R 133 0 obj 210 0 obj Cyberstalking in conjunction with a credible threat is also considered aggravated stalking.[31]. travels in interstate or foreign commerce or is present within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United, places that person in reasonable fear of the death of, or, with the intent to kill, injure, harass, intimidate, or place under surveillance with intent to kill, injure, harass, or intimidate another person, uses the mail, any interactive computer service or electronic communication service or electronic communication system of interstate commerce, or any other facility of interstate or foreign commerce to engage in a, Pub. /S /P /P 9 0 R /S /P /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] 197 0 obj >> /Annots [324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R] /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] 2011-02-16T10:29:38+01:00 116 0 obj 124 0 obj /S /P /K [2 524 0 R 26 525 0 R 28 526 0 R 30] Citation is disfavored, but may be /P 9 0 R /ColorSpace << 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R /Pg 30 0 R /K 9 There are several forms of cyberstalking, including: Harassing the victim Embarrassing and humiliating the victim Exerting financial control by emptying the victims bank accounts, or by ruining his credit endobj /Pg 29 0 R 505 0 R null 506 0 R null 507 0 R null 508 0 R null 509 0 R null Great Britain had its first cyberstalking conviction in 1999 when a Cambridge graduate was prosecuted in 1999 for harassment by e-mail. WebPrvn pedpisy o kyberstalkingu - Cyberstalking legislation Kybernetick pronsledovn a kyberikana jsou relativn novmi jevy, ale to neznamen, e zloiny spchan prostednictvm st nelze trestat podle legislativy navren k tomuto elu. >> /P 9 0 R endobj /S /P >> << Nappinai, N, S. (2010). /P 9 0 R >> /P 9 0 R << /Pg 30 0 R << >> /P 9 0 R /Resources << 59 0 obj [28] On January 1, 2009, a California law became effective that allows schools to suspend or expel students who harass other students online. /ColorSpace << 66 0 obj null 408 0 R null 409 0 R null 410 0 R null 411 0 R null 412 0 R endobj Opponents point out that harassment on college campuses is already prohibited under existing laws; furthermore, they point out that harassment based on sexual orientation is also covered under existing statutes. /ParentTree 10 0 R 132 0 obj 83 0 obj /K 7 /Pg 14 0 R Pittaro M. L. (2007). /Font << /Underline /Span /Pg 25 0 R /K 10 /P 9 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] As part of his sentence, the court also entered a restitution order of $164,295.01, payable to the victims of the offense. 74 0 obj << /Rotate 0 208 0 obj /P 9 0 R L. 115334, 12502(a)(1)(A), added cl. >> As in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Missouri, the Prince case led to stricter anti-bullying legislation in Massachusetts.[22]. /S /P However, just as with slander and libel, it is important to balance the protection of freedom of speech of both parties with the need for protection of the target. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj 106 0 obj /Pg 31 0 R >> >> << 206 0 obj >> 110 0 obj << /Count 6 WebWhat must exist for cyber stalking to be illegal in a state or territory? While 156 countries (80 per cent) have enacted cybercrime legislation, the pattern varies by region: Europe has the highest adoption rate (91 per cent) and Attempts at legislating cyberbullying have been tried at the federal level, primarily because the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution specifically provides that only the federal government can regulate commerce between the states; this includes electronic communication over the Internet. /P 9 0 R 166 0 obj << /Annots [317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R] /TT1 244 0 R 82 0 obj 216 0 obj /S /P /P 9 0 R Although many States in Australia have antistalking laws, Victoria and Queensland are the only States that include sending electronic messages to, or otherwise contacting, the victim in their legislation. /S /P /K 3 << << /K 4 /P 9 0 R >> >> >> uuid:d8c3b813-d862-4a2b-984b-af1190141099 /K 15 /Pg 17 0 R >> >> In order to answer this question an assessment of whetthere will first beher the Laws, Research, and Recommendations in R.C. /Annots [310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R] /Endnote /Note /TT0 243 0 R endobj /Resources << << 203 0 obj Finally, individuals should become informed about the dangers of the Internet and ways to protect their privacy while using the Internet. endobj /S /P /Type /Page /StructParents 15 /S /P Making any comment, request, suggestion or proposal which is obscene with an intent to offend; Interrupting, with the intent to harass, the telephone service or the electronic communication service of any person; Transmitting to any person, with the intent to harass and regardless of whether the communication is read in its entirety or at all, any file, document, or other communication which prevents that person from using his or her telephone service or electronic communications device; Transmitting an electronic communication or knowingly inducing a person to transmit an electronic communication for the purpose of harassing another person who is under 13 years of age, regardless of whether the person under 13 years of age consents to the harassment, if the defendant is at least 16 years of age at the time of the commission of the offense; Threatening injury to the person or to the property of the person to whom an electronic communication is directed or to any of his or her family or household members; or. >> /Rotate 0 /Resources << 99 532 0 R 100 541 0 R 101 542 0 R 102 543 0 R 103 544 0 R /S /P << /P 9 0 R /S /P 7 Bocij, P., Griffiths, M.D., McFarlane, L, Cyber Stalking: A New Challenge for Criminal Law, 122 The Criminal Lawyer, 3-5 (2002). /Contents 323 0 R << << /K 6 endobj Acrobat PDFMaker 9.1 for Word >> /S /P << endobj Nothing, existing international cyber stalking laws apply b. /S /P 3 However, there are other federal laws that can be applied to /Subtype /XML Also, law enforcement officers must be trained to deal with /K [33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R /Pg 32 0 R L. 104201, div. /Annots [269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R 272 0 R 273 0 R] L. 106386 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. D:20110216092838 /S /P /P 9 0 R /K 19 /K [2 574 0 R 15 575 0 R 576 0 R 577 0 R] /S /P null 516 0 R 133 0 R 517 0 R 133 0 R 524 0 R 135 0 R 525 0 R 135 0 R 526 0 R 3. /Parent 6 0 R /K 6 << 137 0 obj /K [7 413 0 R 24 414 0 R 26] /Kids [23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R] >> << 94 0 obj /Pg 27 0 R /K 2 << /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R 138 0 obj /S /P endobj WebAnnotate this Case. 142 0 obj >> >> endobj /S /P >> endobj WebCyberstalking's definition is quite simply, the use of the internet, or other electronic means, to harass and intimidate a selected victim. << WebThis law is in place to protect privacy and applies to everyones privacy and applies to everyone not just people under 18. /ColorSpace << /TT0 243 0 R /P 9 0 R << /S /P /P 9 0 R >> /Type /Catalog >> >> /P 9 0 R Lurigio and S. Herman (eds. 120 0 R 484 0 R 120 0 R 485 0 R 121 0 R 486 0 R 121 0 R] /P 9 0 R According to "Who@: Working to Halt Online Abuse": (a) Harassment through electronic communications is the use of electronic communication for any of the following /Pg 22 0 R << /K 2 /Pg 16 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /Keywords () /Pg 25 0 R >> /S /P /P 9 0 R /K 13 /Pg 17 0 R /P 9 0 R >> /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] endobj << /S /Footnote >> 73 0 obj /Pg 18 0 R 168 0 obj 10 0 obj >> 2020Pub. >> >> >> >> >> Web144 Green Acres Ln, PO Box 111, Green Mountain, NC 28740 . 2 << /Pg 31 0 R << /K [1 516 0 R 22 517 0 R 24] /P 9 0 R /S /P >> /Resources << /P 9 0 R /K 7 158 0 obj /P 9 0 R >> 105 0 obj endobj >> 40 0 obj >> 113 0 R 114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R /Pg 31 0 R >> endobj /Type /StructTreeRoot /S /Sect What is Cyberstalking? It is a specific federal crime and falls under a federal stalking statute as part of the Violence Against Women Act of 2005. The law was amended in 2013 to include stalking by the Internet or by telephone and no longer requires that the perpetrator and victim live in different legal jurisdictions. /Pg 25 0 R /StructParents 19 << 11 [122 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R null 490 0 R null 491 0 R null 492 0 R null 148 0 obj An early example, the Violence Against Women Act, passed in 2000, included cyberbullying in a part of interstate status on harassment. endobj /P 9 0 R [41] << /TT3 245 0 R /TT1 245 0 R /TT2 258 0 R Abstract /Pg 14 0 R Volume 96 96 N.C. App. /ColorSpace << >> /Type /Metadata /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] /K [1 529 0 R 22 530 0 R 24 531 0 R 26 532 0 R 28] endobj >> The jury eventually found Drew innocent of the charges (but guilty of a misdemeanor), a verdict that was later set aside by the judge. /K [571 0 R 572 0 R 573 0 R] /Pg 31 0 R /Parent 8 0 R International law emphasizes a supranational concept related to.. ] 65 0 obj /K 7 /pg 14 0 R endobj /Annots 340... 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